| Central Banks 101 | The center of Financial Price Action |

2021年9月1日

Central banks have a significant influence in the foreign currency market. Central banks are mainly responsible for managing inflation in the long run, while also contributing to the financial system's overall stability. When central banks deem it necessary, they will intervene in the financial markets in line with the previously defined "Monetary Policy Framework." Forex dealers seeking to benefit from the resulting currency swings carefully monitor and anticipate the implementation of such a policy.
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The interworking of a Central Bank
Central banks are self-governing institutions that assist nations worldwide in managing their commercial banking sectors, setting central bank interest rates, and ensuring financial stability across the country's financial system.

Central banks exert influence on the financial markets in a number of ways, including but not limited to the following:
1) Open market operations (OMO) are described as the process by which governments buy and sell government securities (bonds) on the open market in order to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system.
2) The monetary policy committee determines the central bank rate, commonly known as the discount rate or the federal funds rate, in order to stimulate or depress economic activity. While it may seem counterintuitive, an overheated economy results in inflation, which central banks want to maintain at a manageable level of intensity.
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Central Bank Responsibilities
Central banks were established to serve the public interest and to carry out a government-enacted mandate. While roles differ by nation, the following are the main responsibilities in each:

1) Achieve and maintain price stability: Central banks are tasked with the responsibility of maintaining the exchange rates of their own currencies. This is done by maintaining a reasonable level of inflation across the economy.

2) Improving financial system stability: Central banks subject commercial banks to stress tests in order to mitigate systemic risk in the financial sector. Encourage an economy's balanced and sustainable growth by adopting the following policies: There are two primary ways for a country to stimulate its economy: fiscal stimulus and monetary stimulation. Fiscal policy (government spending) and monetary policy are two instruments for accomplishing this goal (central bank intervention). When governments' fiscal resources are depleted, central banks may initiate monetary policy in an attempt to stimulate the economy by reducing interest rates.

Fourth, central banks are charged with the oversight and regulation of financial institutions for the public benefit.

5. Reduce unemployment: In addition to preserving price stability and fostering sustainable growth, central banks may have an interest in decreasing unemployment. This is one of the Federal Reserve System's goals.
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Additionally, central banks act as lenders of last resort in a variety of circumstances. A government with a low debt-to-GDP ratio that is unable to obtain funds via a bond auction may be able to borrow from the central bank to solve a temporary liquidity need. The existence of a central bank serving as a lender of last resort enhances investor confidence in the financial system. Along with lower borrowing rates for governments, investors have increased confidence in governments' ability to meet their debt obligations. According to the 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, the Federal Reserve Bank, often referred to as "The Fed," is responsible for the world's most commonly traded currency. The Federal Reserve's operations have implications not just for the US dollar, but also for other currencies, which is why the financial world carefully monitors the bank's actions. To accomplish its goals, the Federal Reserve aims to ensure stable prices, maximum sustainable employment, and moderate long-term interest rates. The Bank of England is the United Kingdom's central bank, with two main objectives: monetary and financial stability. When it comes to financial sector regulation, the United Kingdom has a Twin Peaks strategy, with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as one peak and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) as the other (PRA). The Bank of England prudentially regulates financial services, ensuring that firms have enough capital and risk controls in place. The European Central Bank (ECB) is unusual in that it serves as the central bank for all of the European Union's member countries, making it a one-of-a-kind organization. The European Central Bank puts a premium on maintaining the euro's value and maintaining price stability. The Euro is the world's second most commonly used currency, and as such, it often draws the attention of forex traders. The Bank of Japan has put a premium on price stability and the proper operation of the payment and settlement systems. The Bank of Japan has maintained interest rates below zero (negative interest rates) for a prolonged period of time in a drastic attempt to resuscitate the economy. Individuals may make money by borrowing at negative interest rates, but investors are disincentive from doing so due to the cost associated with it.
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The Central Bank-Interest Rate Relationship

Central banks set the central bank interest rate, and all other interest rates that individuals encounter on personal loans, home loans, credit cards, and other financial products are calculated using this base rate. The central bank interest rate is the rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks on an overnight basis.

Commercial banks must borrow money from the central bank to comply with Fractional Reserve Banking, a relatively new kind of banking established in the 1990s. Banks accept deposits and make loans, which means they must have sufficient cash on hand to meet daily withdrawals while also lending the remaining funds to businesses and other investors in need of short-term capital. Because the bank charges a higher interest rate on loans while charging depositors a lesser one, this practice generates revenue for the organization.Central banks will define the exact proportion of total depositor money (reserve) that banks must put aside, and if a bank falls short of this percentage, it will be allowed to borrow from the central bank at the overnight rate, which is calculated using the yearly central bank interest rate. Foreign exchange traders closely monitor central bank interest rates because they have the potential to have a significant impact on the currency market.

Institutions and investors have a natural propensity to follow yields (interest rates), and as a result, changes in these rates will cause traders to direct investment into countries with higher interest rates in the near run. When central bank interest rates change, traders may benefit from the difference in interest rates between two different currencies. The term "carry trade" refers to this transaction. Carry traders make interest throughout the day by trading a high-yielding currency against a low-yielding one. Forex traders often analyze the chairman of the central bank's words in order to deduce whether the central bank is going to increase or decrease interest rates in the near future. Hawkish and dovish are words used to refer to language that is seen as suggesting an increase or decrease in interest rates, respectively. These little signals, dubbed "ahead advice," have the potential to affect the currency market significantly.

Traders who believe the central bank is about to embark on an interest rate increase cycle will attempt to enter a long position in that currency, while traders who believe the central bank will adopt a more dovish stance would seek to enter a short position in that currency.˜